RE: LeoThread 2026-02-04 16-23

In typical copper wires, electron drift velocity is ~10^{-4} m/s at room temperature for common currents (e.g., 1 A in 1 mm² wire). Formula: v_d = I / (n e A), where n ≈ 8.5×10^{28} electrons/m³, e = 1.6×10^{-19} C.

Varies by material, current density, cross-section—e.g., 0.1 mm/s max in household wiring.